Citicoline is well-absorbed in the body and shown to be safe. While supplies last. Not valid with any other offer. One Pair per order. Related Articles. News October 25, One study that compared citicoline to several popular nootropics found that it improved memory and cognition as well as the study drug piracetam. Studies have found that citicoline can significantly improve memory, motor speed , focus, and attention. This membrane lets in the nutrients, water, and oxygen that brain cells need to survive, while filtering out harmful foreign substances.
But brain cell membranes can get leaky, letting metabolic waste, heavy metals, toxins, pathogens, and other unwanted invaders into the brain. Citicoline can offset the harmful effects of both. Your brain is under constant attack from free radicals, unattached oxygen molecules that attack cells in much the same way that oxygen causes metal to rust.
Brain inflammation contributes to a wide variety of brain-related disorders including:. Since citicoline is sold as a supplement, it may seem like a lightweight remedy, but, in fact, it was initially used as a prescription medication. Citicoline was originally synthesized in Japan where it was first used to help stroke victims. Citicoline shows promise in treating a wide variety of neurological conditions including:.
Health care professionals sometimes administer it by injection for enhanced stroke recovery and for chronic cerebrovascular disease. Here are some of the mechanisms by which citicoline can help even serious neurological disorders:. By increasing dopamine, citicoline reduces drug cravings in cocaine addicts. In patients with schizophrenia , citicoline has improved numerous cognitive functions like processing speed, working memory, verbal learning, and verbal memory.
A daily total of 1,, mg is recommended to support cognitive skills. The best citicoline supplements often contain Cognizin, a patented form of citicoline that has been studied in clinical trials.
Citicoline supplements are well absorbed and highly bioavailable. Reported side effects are unusual, but include insomnia, headache, digestive upset, change in blood pressure, blurred vision, and chest pains. High doses over 7, mg can cause a fishy body odor. Energy drinks which are designed to increase both physical energy and mental alertness have become a multibillion dollar industry.
INVIA, formerly sold under the brand name Nawgan, is a powdered drink mix that contains Cognizin along with vitamins B6, B12, and E, artificial sweeteners, and a healthy dose of caffeine mg. But energy and brain drinks are not the most reliable or cost-effective ways to get a daily dose of citicoline.
There is a possibility that memory disorders might be contaminated by other disorders attributable to executive function including attention. This problem has been examined by looking for methods of evaluating primary memory deficits as distinct from those secondary to other cognitive impairments external to memory per se Fioravanti and Di Cesare Another relevant problem that emerges from a critical analysis of the current and past literature is the relatively poor reliability of single studies performed on small samples of patients with various forms of vascular dementia a further level of complexity is derived by the different criteria given to these patients in different periods of time.
A metanalysis is the best solution available for circumventing these limitations. In the case of citicoline, a meta-analysis for examining the reliability and validity of effects on memory which have been studied in different ways and types of patients in various studies, could fail to confirm the positive results of the single studies once these data are pooled together.
A metanalysis has been performed on the available published and unpublished data obtained from controlled clinical trials done with citicoline. This metanalysis carried out according to the Cochrane Collaboration guidelines is periodically updated in order to include all the studies available Fioravanti and Yanagi Results of the metanalysis are divided by domains. This allows for a comparative analysis between different areas of assessment; for example, attention and memory. It is possible to verify the homogeneity of results within each domain.
Memory is one of the domains in this analysis and includes results from patients. While studies in this domain include other types of patients as well as cerebrovascular patients, there was no heterogeneity among their results. This indicated that the effect of citicoline on memory was significantly different from the placebo effect, and did not specifically depend on the pathogenesis of the cerebral disorder effect size 0.
In fact, when only cerebrovascular disorders studies were pooled together for a total of patients , the homogeneity and entity of results was about the same effect size 0. These results coupled with those of the domain clinical evaluation of improvement concerning a total of patients effect size determined as the odds ratio of improving under active treatment 8. The attention domain, even though based on a substantial number of patients, revealed a large amount of variance because of the large individual differences.
Finally, the tolerability of citicoline has never constituted a problem whatever the modality of administration or the dosage. Treatment in patients with disorders attributed to a cerebrovascular pathogenesis has a long history. Unfortunately, many problems are still unresolved, including the taxonomy of these disorders and a definition of cognitive pattern of decline to be associated to this taxonomy. These intrinsic problems have not helped to develop accepted methods of research and treatment for these patients.
Despite these difficulties and elements of confusion between different clinical studies performed at different periods of time, citicoline has emerged as a valid treatment for patients with chronic cerebrovascular disorders or with memory problems. National Center for Biotechnology Information , U.
Journal List Clin Interv Aging v. Clin Interv Aging. Published online Sep. Mario Fioravanti 1 and Ann E Buckley 2. Author information Copyright and License information Disclaimer. All rights reserved. This article has been cited by other articles in PMC. Abstract Pharmacological treatment of cerebrovascular disorders was introduced at the beginning of the 20th Century.
Keywords: citicoline, CDP-choline, dementia, cerebrovascular disorders. Therapeutic applications of citicoline Stroke More than 11 people, including patients and volunteers have been studied for evaluating citicoline therapeutic effects. Correlative studies When attempts are made to identify relevant relationships between neuroimaging and cognitive patterns, most of the studies have not been able to point out consistent and reliable concordance between these two domains Paul et al ; Sweet et al ; Gunstad et al primarily because of the low power of these studies due to the small number of cases Cohen et al Population studies In studies aimed to identify the relationship between presence of cerebrovascular disorders and prevalence of cognitive disorders in the general population, signs of vascular pathogenesis such as arterial stiffness or generalized atherosclerosis are consistently related to cognitive deterioration which ranges from mild severity to dementia Hanon et al ; Vinkers et al Specificity of cognitive deficits The most common way of defining the specificity of cognitive deficits in vascular dementia is based on comparison with AD patients.
Treatment of cognitive deficits Attempts to treat symptoms of decline in cerebrovasculopaties have been made since the first years of the last century Fioravanti starting with niacin and continue today. Conclusions Treatment in patients with disorders attributed to a cerebrovascular pathogenesis has a long history. Tratamiento del deterioro cognitivo lieve: utilidad de la citicolina. Rev Neurol. Therapeutic approach to senile memory impairment: a double-blind clinical trial with CDP-choline.
Boston: Birkhauser; I tempi di reazione durante il trattamento con citicolina. Clin Ter. Clinical use of cholinomimetic agents: a review. J Head Trauma Rehabil. Fundam Clin Pharmacol.
Long-term citicoline Cytidine Diphosphate Choline use in patients with vascular dementia: neuroimaging and neuropsychological outcomes.
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